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1993-06-27
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File Server Selection for NetWare 3.xx
Dispelling the Myths of Power
by Mickey Applebaum
NetWire SysOp/Uinta Business Systems
This article is targeted to those of you looking to get your first
NetWare 3.xx file server, or who have been thinking of upgrading your
current file server. The concept is to provide information on how to get
the best performance without buying more than you need to have. To do
this we will need to first look at what NetWare does so we can define the
possible bottlenecks and how to work around them.
NetWare, in and of itself, is an I/O Engine. What, you may ask, does
this really mean. NetWare does nothing more than route data from one
place to another. It does not process data, manipulate data or in any
other way handle the data other than to take it from one place and put it
into another. This can be likened to a traffic cop who does nothing other
than making sure cars on both of the streets he intersects with move in an
orderly fashion and to their proper final destination without suffering a
crash at his intersection.
NetWare can route data from one LAN card to another, from a LAN card
to Server Cache, from Server Cache to Disk, from Disk to Server Cache and
from Server Cache to a LAN card. Basically, that's it. That's all
NetWare does. Simple concept. Now, lets see what it is that makes that
simple concept so hard to actually implement.
First, we need to look at the most important aspect of file server
performance. The speed of the BUS. Since NetWare is an I/O Engine, it's
the I/O BUS (the expansion slots in the computer) that determines how fast
NetWare can interact with all the "external" devices you can attach to
your server. In this case, "external" means all devices not directly
attached to the server's CPU, which, in most cases, means all interface
devices other than RAM. In very basic terms, the actual maximum data
throughput of the BUS can be determined using this mathematical function:
Width of the bus in bits * clock speed of the bus / 8 = MegaBytes/Second
This works out, for the "standard" machines, to this breakdown:
Original IBM PC = 8 * 4.77 / 8 = 4.77 MB/s
Original IBM AT = 16 * 6 / 8 = 12 MB/s
IBM PS/2 MicroChannel = 32 * 5 / 8 = 20 MB/s
EISA Specification = 32 * 8.33 / 8 = 33.32 MB/s
As can be seen, the wider the bus and the faster the bus clock speed
the more data can pass through the bus at one time. This relates directly
to the speed at which NetWare can move the data between devices. The
faster the Bus, the faster the data can move between the server and the
LAN cards, and the disk drives, assuming that you use adapters that make
use of the full bus width/speed.
This leads to the next point in designing the perfect server, the
speed of the adapter cards. One of the great misbeliefs lately is that
Bus Mastering Adapters are faster than Non-Bus Masters. This may not
necessarily be true in all installations. In a lightly loaded server, a
Bus Master adapter can actually take more time setting up the data
transfer than the data transfer itself takes to accomplish. Bus Mastering
adapters are good in heavily loaded situations where the concern is to
reduce the overall total CPU load on the file server, but it has been
shown many times that under many conditions, Non-Bus Mastering devices run
faster. Also, for the most part, the best option is to always use the
maximum bus width devices your computer supports, i.e., in an EISA server
use 32 bit adapters.
Next, of course, is the amount of RAM the server has available for
Cache Memory. NetWare, being an I/O Engine, moves data between devices.
To do this, NetWare needs to have someplace to put that data while it's
waiting for those devices to become available, or while one of those
devices is fulfilling the data request NetWare has made of it. The more
RAM the server has available to it, the more data it can buffer while
waiting for LAN cards and Disk Controllers to clear. Also, because of
NetWare's File Caching and Directory Hash/Caching, the more RAM available
to the system, the more likely it is that a disk request will come from
RAM and not from the physical disk itself, and as we all know, RAM is
faster than any hard disk available.
And, speaking of hard disks, we come upon that which is nearest and
dearest to me personally. The Disk Channel. A disk channel designed for
high performance means more to me than anything else in the server, since
a poorly designed disk channel will make even the best server, and fastest
LAN cards look slow. First we should look at the disk drives themselves.
Although there have been many different disk technologies that have come
and gone (MFM, RLL, ESDI) there are two that are in their prime today, IDE
and SCSI. Below is a chart that shows the maximum data throughput of each
of these devices:
IDE = 4 MB/s
SCSI = 5 MB/s
SCSI-II = 7.5 MB/s
SCSI-II FAST = 10 MB/s
SCSI-II WIDE = 20 MB/s (Not readily available yet)
SCSI-II DOUBLE WIDE = 40 MB/s (Theoretical, no devices
exist today)
Additionally, below is a chart of the data path width for each of these
devices:
IDE = 8 bit data path
SCSI = 8 bit data path
SCSI-II = 8 bit data path
SCSI-II FAST = 8 bit data path
SCSI-II WIDE = 16 bit data path
SCSI-II DOUBLE WIDE = 32 bit data path
Again, as you can see, the wider the data path the more actual data
throughput per second and thus the faster the data transfer. But, just
having a fast hard disk isn't all there is to it. Again, BUS Width comes
into play, a 32 bit controller will be significantly faster than an
equivalent 16 bit adapter, so it's a combination of a fast drive and a
fast controller that will best serve data transfers in a NetWare file
server. But yet, this is still not all there is.
SCSI Host Adapters have the unique ability to send a command to a
disk on the SCSI bus and then detach from that disk while waiting for the
disk to finish the requested task. This is known as SCSI Disconnect, and
can be a major benefit to disk channel performance. This is due to the
fact that multiple disks on the same SCSI Bus can be performing tasks all
at the same time, independent of the other disks on the bus. When using
NetWare's Disk Spanning capabilities this can allow multiple disks to
fulfill file requests at one time utilizing NetWare's Data Scattering
capabilities.
But, this is still not all there is. NetWare has the unique ability
to do split seeks across multiple disk channels in a Duplexed
controller/drive configuration. This means that a Duplexed set of disks
can be seeking the same data across the disk channels at one time thus
providing up to a 100% performance benefit during disk reads.
So, to provide the highest performance disk subsystem for a NetWare
server it would be best to build it using multiple SCSI-II Fast/Wide Host
Adapters and drives in a duplexed set. This gives the highest available
of drive heads to seek data at one time, thus providing the highest actual
data throughput.
This leads us to the last place to check into performance, the LAN
adapters. There are several things to consider in this area, actual data
throughput of the LAN Adapter and aggregate data throughput based on the
total number of LAN adapters installed in the server. Following is a
chart of the maximum theoretical data throughput's of the major LAN
protocols (thanks to Jeff Chumbley of Thomas Conrad Corp. for this chart)
Theoretical Maximum Throughput
KBps
8000| 7809
7000|
6000|
5000|
4000|
3000|
2000| 1800
1000| 1200
500| 480
0|___214____________________________________________________
ARCNET 4Mbps-TRN Ethernet 16Mbps-TRN TCNS
But again, just using a fast LAN card isn't all there is. Because of
the differences in the way the protocols work (Ethernet being a collision
detection system for example), the number of nodes attached to the LAN
card in the server, the type of cabling used and the types of applications
used/data generated on the network can affect overall performance. This
is where NetWare's ability to perform internal routing and support of
multiple LAN adapters in the file server comes into play. Having multiple
LAN adapters in the server increases the overall LAN bandwidth available
to the server.
For example, having one Ethernet Adapter gives you the ability to
have a 1200k bandwidth, installing a second Ethernet Adapter provides up
to a 100% bandwidth increase providing up to 2400k bandwidth. Adding a
third Ethernet adapter provides up to another 50% performance benefit
pushing total bandwidth up to 3600k. The overall performance benefit per
LAN card remains the same, assuming all the LAN cards are of equivalent
performance, this linear performance benefit can be skewed by adding a LAN
card of different performance characteristics, for example, putting a 16
Mb/s Token Ring adapter into the same server with 5 ArcNet adapters.
As you may have seen by now, the file server CPU type hasn't been
mentioned. Well, now it's time to mention it. Basically, the CPU in the
file server will have little impact on the overall network performance, as
long as a couple of things hold true:
1) The CPU isn't saturated by servicing all the
installed interface adapters.
2) The CPU isn't saturated by trying to run NLM's.
Basically, a 486SX chip will perform as well as a basic NetWare
server as a DX/2-66 chip. Things to keep in mind, NetWare does not make
use of a floating point processor and since the only difference between a
486SX and a 486DX chip is the floating point processor NetWare will run
the same. Also, since a DX/2 chip only doubles the internal operations of
the CPU and since NetWare isn't a CPU intensive system NetWare won't see
much benefit. Basically, since NetWare spends most of it's time dealing
with those external devices, such as LAN cards and Disk controllers
doubling the internal CPU speed doesn't do anything to increase the speed
at which those interface adapters move data.
So, in summary, to design the best file server you can have you
should choose a CPU size and speed based on the number and type of
interface devices installed, as well as the NLM processes it will need to
support;
choose a bus width/speed to provide the best throughput for the number of
requests made by your users; choose a disk drive/controller type that
provides you with adequate throughput to service all your users data
requests and the LAN protocol and number of LAN cards necessary to provide
a consistent level of data throughput without saturating a single LAN
segment.